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cypress

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cypress - Cypress
cypress - (Genus: Cupressus L. Family: Cupressaceae.) G. Zypresse; F. Cyprès.

The true cypresses are remarkable for the form of their adult foliage. Their leaves are evergreen, scale-like, tapering to a blunt point, and ranged in four ranks. They are closely adpressed to the stem, clothing it so tightly that it is invisible until they wither; at the tip they enshroud the leaf buds. The foliage, therefore, appears to be built up of a succession of green scales, stem and buds being hidden. These leaves are evergreen and persist for several years; they do not fall singly, but a whole branchlet drops in one piece. The edges of opposite pairs of leaves meet at a sharp angle, forming a V or X sign which is characteristic of the genus: The cones are very distinct, being globular in form and built up of shield-shaped scales standing on centrally placed stalks around the main axis; they are woody and persistent; each scale bears least two seeds, very small and surrounded by a narrow membranous wing. The male flowers are borne in small cylindrical catkins at the tips of the leaf sprays.

The seedlings of cypresses produce two short strap-shaped cotyledons above ground on germination. These are followed by juvenile foliage - 4-leaved whorls of pointed scaly needles rather like those of Juniper; in the second year (rarely in the first) the adult foliage appears. First-year seedlings are thus very unlike their parents. Cultivated forms exist in which adult foliage is never developed; these are grown and sold under the nurserymen's name of " Retinispora

The genus is naturally divided into two sections. In Eu-Cupressus the branchlets are round or four-sided; in Chamaecyparis (or Shining Cypress) they are flattened, two opposite ranks of leaflets being quite flat, and the other two folded down their midribs so as to partly enclose the bases of the flatter ranks. Though both types have an erect habit of growth, without wide branches, the general aspect differs greatly. The Eu-Cupressus tree forms an erect round pillar absorbing light from all directions, and therefore appearing dark and gloomy. The Chamaecyparis has flattened vertical planes exposed at varying angles, catching and often reflecting the sunlight. In both types the leading shoot is frequently pendulous. Foliage similar to Eu-Cupressus is found in certain Junipers, whilst Thuya and Libocedrus have foliage very much like that of Chamaecyparis, See Figs. 1, 5a, 6c, 7d.

The Eu-Cupressus group has a wide distribution, occurring in the Mediterranean, India, North America, China, and Japan. Only one species is of forest importance in Britain.

The Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweg) is found as a wild tree in a few restricted localities near Monterey in southern California. It was apparently on the verge of extinction when it was introduced into cultivation, probably in the hope of reproducing the picturesque form of the gnarled old trees exposed to the Pacific gales. It responded to kinder environments by developing into a useful timber tree, providing a striking example of what may be realised in the future with other species now valued only for their ornamental qualities.

Raised from seed, it is difficult to transplant and is usually grown on in pots. It is an excellent hedge plant but suffers from frost, especially if clipped during the winter months; it may be trained into a high screen. As a timber tree it is only fully hardy in the south and west, where it makes rapid growth, but is chiefly planted for ornament. It stands salt winds well. The wood is hard and durable. The young foliage is bright green. Figs. 2, 4b.

Other Eu-Cupressus grown for ornament in Britain are the Cedar of Goa (C. lusitanica, Mill) introduced from Mexico by way of Portugal, the Weeping Cypress (C. fmebris, Endl.) from China, and the Italian Cypress (C. sempervirens L.) which is the tall sombre pyramidal evergreen typical of Italian scenery, also planted occasionally in English cemeteries. The group is unlikely to become much used for forest planting in Britain, unless the difficulties of propagation and acclimatisation can be overcome. In this group die cones take two years to ripen. Fig. 1d.

The Lawson Cypress (C. lawsomana, Murray), known also as Oregon or Port Orford Cedar, is the principal forest tree of the Chamacyparis group. In the coastal areas of Oregon, where it is found wild, it reaches a height of 150 feet, and forms a valued source of durable timber. It is usually raised from seed (150,000 to the lb.), but is a little difficult to transplant; provided the weather is damp and mild it can usually be moved successfully. It grows quickly in the nursery and four-year-old transplants about 18 inches high are most suitable for plantations. It requires a fresh loamy soil, with a good supply of moisture, but in these conditions growth is rapid, and despite the diffuse nature of the branches a sturdy trunk is soon formed. It bears intense shade, and unless they are heavily shaded, the lower branches persist indefinitely. Figs. 1b, 3, 4c.

The wood is reddish brown in colour, without distinct heart, hard, strong and very durable even under alternately wet and dry conditions. Hence it is used in storage vessels and for roof shingles. Shingles may be sawn or cleft, the latter being more durable. Oregon Cedar wood cleaves readily, and in the smaller sizes forms a durable fencing material. These qualities should ensure the Lawson Cypress a position of increasing importance in forest practice.

Hitherto it has been mainly used for hedging and ornamental planting, and the demand is such that the price of young trees for forest planting is kept at a high figure, because if unsold they can be grown on for hedge planting. Lawson Cypress makes a dense evergreen hedge, but is very apt to spread widely unless rigorously clipped back. It is one of the best ornamental conifers, with an attractive pyramidal habit of growth; the lower branches are retained indefinitely so that in open surroundings the trunk is scarcely seen. There are numerous nurserymen's varieties, with erect or weeping growth, blue, white, or golden foliage, and even dwarf forms. The foliage is saleable for decorative purposes.

The Nootka Bypress (C. Nootkatensis, Lambert) or Yellow Cedar, is closely allied to the Lawson Cypress, from which it may be distinguished by the lack of white lines on its foliage, which has an unpleasant odour when bruised, and by its spiked cones. Its habitat is farther north, and higher up the mountains, where it is said to thrive on poor and thin soils. The wood is not only durable but attractive in appearance, being yellow and sweet scented, hard and smooth. British plantations are on an experimental scale, but the Nootka Cypress may prove even more valuable than the Lawson, as it is less exacting as to soil and climate and produces timber of more general utility, suitable for furniture making, boat building, as well as fencing and outdoor Constructional work. Fig. 1c.

Other Chamaecyparis Cypresses, which may eventually be of value in Britain, are found in the mountains of Japan and Formosa. Varieties of the Sawara (C. pisifera, Koch.) are commonly found in British gardens. Fig. 1a.

The Cypresses as a whole have a remarkable power of recovery after being cut back, and readily form new leading shoots. They can be propagated by cuttings, but the method is mainly used for special varieties, which are also increased in the nurseries by grafting on to a commoner stock. The foliage is resinous and, whilst resistant to fire whilst growing and full of sap, burns furiously when dry. The bark, at first smooth, later becomes figured with vertical fissures, but seldom assumes great thickness under British conditions. In its homeland, the Lawson Cypress attains girths up to 22 feet. The base of the trunk is frequently buttressed.

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