- knolik
european pines
Значение термина european pines в knolik
european pines - European Pines
european pines - Besides the Scots Pine, which is an important timber tree throughout northern Europe, a wide range of species and local varieties of pines are found within that continent. Those of forest and decorative use in Britain are described below, and fell naturally into four groups.
The Mountain Pines represent a mountain form of the Scots Pine, and are found only in the high Alps, Pyrenees and Cevennes. The Black Pines are a large and closely-knit group distributed around the northern side of the Mediterranean, mainly in the mountains. The Maritime Pine, Stone Pine, and Aleppo Pine frequent the Mediterranean sea-coasts. The European five-needled pines have a discontinuous or disrupted distribution, the Cembran Pine being found only in the high Alps and Siberia, and the Macedonian Pine in the Balkan mountains.
A large number of extra-European species have been introduced to the continent in recent years, and are undergoing trial in forest conditions.
The Mountain Pines (Pinus Montana, Miller), G. Bergkiefeir; F. Pin de montagne. The Mountain Pines are closely allied to the Scots Pine, from which they are only distinguishable by the longer sheaths surrounding the bases of the needles, and the dark ring around the lighter- coloured points borne by the cone-scales. This species is found only in central and southern Europe, and tree forms are known only in limited districts of the Alps and Pyrenees, where their timber is only of local importance. Bush forms are more common, and may be readily identified by their dwarf form and plentiful cones, usually very knobbly and prickly. These bush Mountain Pines have been used experimentally as wind-breaks, nurses, and soil improvers on very poor sites in Britain, but as they attain only a few feet in height, are unlikely to be of practical value for such purposes, except perhaps as the first line of resistance in a wind-break composed of taller species. The Mountain Pines have" no value as timber-producers in Britain.
The Black Pines (Pinus nigra, Arnold). G. Schwarzföhre; F. Pin noir. Figs. 1, 2, 3.
This large group of Pines native to Central Europe and the countries surrounding the Mediterranean, is sometimes regarded as one species with many varieties, and sometimes as several distinct species. The distinctive features of the whole group are: The terminal bud is drawn out to a fine point (contrast the blunt conical point of Scots Pine); the shoots are pale yellowish-brown in colour; the cones are more or less asymmetrical, bright reddish-brown when ripe, with knobbed scales; the bark is grey (never red), thick, flaky, and fissured; side branches are not greatly developed, giving a small symmetrical crown; foliage dark green, appearing almost black at a distance. Whilst these trees are not dissimilar to the Scots Pine (the " Red Pine " of the French) their general dark aspect, recalling the strong sunlight of the Mediterranean scene, enables them to be readily identified even before reference is made to finer points of difference.
The most important of the Black Pines in British Forestry is the Corsican Pine (var. corsicana, Loudon); G. Korsische-Schwarzföhre, found principally in Corsica, but also reported from Spain, South Italy and Greece. This form is at once distinguished by the "twist " in it's needles, which becomes apparent at a very early age, when the first secondary needles appear. It is rapidly coming into favour for large-scale planting in Britain, as its growth in our climate is much quicker, on most sites, than that of the Scots Pine.
Seed should be obtained from good Corsican sources, or from well-grown British trees of Corsican origin; 30,000 grains go to the lb. In the nursery the young plants develop very little fibrous root, running instead to long deep primary roots which inevitably suffer damage every time the plants are moved. Corsican Pine is therefore difficult to transplant satisfactorily. Trees used for planting must be very small; with plenty of root in proportion to shoot growth. " One-year, one-year " or " two-year, one year," trees are therefore the best sizes; even though these look very small when set out in the forest, they " take " much better than older or larger trees. Some foresters prefer to plant Corsican Pine late or early in the season, but the month, of planting is not of great importance; what does matter is the actual weather at, and after, planting time. Planting must be carefully done, and it is essential to get the plants firm, by compressing soil against the roots. Corsican Pine " checks " strongly after planting, and very little growth is made for two or three seasons; after which a spell of rapid growth ensues.
The site chosen must be well-drained. Sands and gravels are best, but Corsican Pine is tolerant of lime and chalk, and it grows better than most conifers where heather is the prevailing ground vegetation. It is hardy against frost, wind, and drought, and must have full sunlight. As it does not need a rich soil, it is usually reserved for the poorer, drier, sandy soils, where it thrives very well. On such sites it outgrows most other trees, so that mixtures with other species are not advisable.
Throughout Britain, wherever the ground is well suited to it, Corsican Pine may be expected to yield a bigger volume of poles and timber than the Scots Pine would do in the same time. Moreover, the timber will tend to be straighter, with smaller knots from the side branches, and less waste in the crown. But the proportion of heartwood will be less than with Scots Pine, and the sapwood is very perishable; the strength of the timber as a whole is also inferior. There are a great many uses for softwoods, however, in which durability and great strength are of minor importance - box- making is a case in point, and consequently Corsican Pine is of growing importance for commercial planting. In Corsica, it is grown to a great girth on long rotations, but this is not strictly economic, and rotations of under 100 years will probably be usual in Britain; a height of 150 feet is sometimes attained, girths to 18 feet.
Austrian Pine (var. Austriaca, Endl.). G. Oesterreichische Schwarzföhre, is a native of the Austrian Alps, the Carpathians, and the Balkan mountains. It is readily distinguished by the straight needles which are closely crowded on the stem, and the coarse, rigid side branches. In youth its habit is bushy; later it becomes an ill-proportioned, rather ugly tree, with a dense irregular crown. The timber is coarse and knotty, little better than firewood, and the tree has little value as a timber producer, either in Britain or in its native land. It should never be used to form plantations.
Austrian Pine has, however, an important part to play in windbreaks and shelter-belts, and as a nurse tree. It succeeds on the sea-front, in full exposure to strong salt gales. It does not like acid soils, but has great tolerance of lime and will thrive, and improve the soil, on exposed, shallow-soiled, chalk downs.
Other Black Pines are the Taurian Pine (var. pallasiana, Endl.), found in the Crimea and Asia Minor, and the Bosnian Pine (var. leucodermis, Christ.), both of which are lime tolerant, and might give good results in the afforestation of difficult limestone soils. The variety calabrica (Loudofa) and the variety pyrenatca (Grenier and Godron) are local forms from southern Italy and south-western France respectively. (Calabrian and Pyrenees Pines.)
The Maritime Pine (Pinns pinaster, Aiton.). G. Seestrandkiefer; F. Pin de Bordeaux. t Pinaster, Jack-Pine, or Sea-side Pine.
This is a most distinctive tree, a native of Mediterranean Europe, readily distinguished by its buds with reflexed scales, very long leathery needles, rusty-grey bark broken up into small patches, enormous asymmetrical cones, and umbrella-like form. It is only hardy in the south and west of Britain, but has become naturalised in the neighbourhood of Bournemouth, forming a picturesque element in the scenery. As it is difficult to transplant, only the smallest of seedlings of transplants can stand moving, which debars it from general forest use. The seed is large, 10,000 grains going to the lb. Figs. 1, 4, 5, 3e.
The most famous forest of Maritime Pine lies in the Landes district of south-western France, where it was established mainly by direct sowings on barren sands blown in from the Bay of Biscay, in order to check their further advance inland over rich agricultural land. This forest yields large amounts of resin and turpentine, obtained by tapping the standing trees, and great quantities of thinnings are exported as pit-props. Mature trees find their way to the sawmills, from which some very fine timber is turned out, and waste wood is used for fuel or as paper-pulp, a special process having been developed to overcome the natural resinous nature of the raw material. The trees seed freely and regenerate the fellings naturally, artificial sowing being seldom necessary.
In Britain, the timber of Maritime Pine is not esteemed as it comes from open-grown trees and is coarse, knotty, and seldom straight. Plantation-grown timber might be much better, and the tree has in its favour a very rapid rate of growth, but its demands on soil and climate restrict it to dry, sandy areas near our south-western coasts, and such sites are so limited in extent that Maritime Pine has little future here except as an ornamental tree.
The Stone Pine (JPinus pinea, L.). G. Schirmkiefer; F. Pin parasol, Pin pignon; Umbrella Pine, is allied to the Maritime Pine, and also comes from the Mediterranean. It is distinguished by the somewhat shorter needles, round cones, and fiat-topped, umbrella like crowns pf the mature trees. It is the source of the emble nutritious pile kernels, which are imported in some quantity as a food or delicacy. The Stone Pine is only of decorative importance in Britain. Its cones take three years to ripen.
The Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis, Miller) occurs in Dalmatia, Calabria, and Algeria, and is distinguished by its Very fine needles, greyish branches, and reddish-brown stalked cones, which are frequently borne in clusters, and bent back against the stem. This tree is much used in1' warm dry climates to form wind-breaks and establish timber plantations but it is scarcely hardy in Britain, even as a park tree.
The Cembran Pine (Pinus cembra, L.). G. Zirbelkiefer, Arve; Ff. Cembro; Swiss Stone Pine, or Arolla Pine, is distinguished from other European Pines by its fine, needles, clustered in. fives, and by its large (2,000 to the lb.) wingless seeds, which are edible. Being a native of the high Alps and northern Siberia, the Cembran Pine does not take kindly to the British climate, and can only be grown here as an ornamental tree. Fig. 3d.
The Macedonian Pine (Pinus Peuke, Grisebach), G. Rumelische Strobe, is a fare five-needled pine found in the Balkan Mountains. It is distinguished from P. cembra by its green, smooth shoots, and is actually more closely allied to the Bhotan Pine of India and the Weymouth Pine of North America. The Macedonian Pine thrives in Britain, and as it is reputed to be immune from the rust diseases which attack the Weymouth Pine here, might be used in place of that tree; its wood is similar, and it is frost-hardy and quick growing.
Рядом со словом european pines в knolik
| scots pine | В начало буква "" буквосочетание "" | american and indian pines |
Статья про european pines была прочитана 78 раз
- - TOP 200
- - mycophyta
- - alloys furnaces
- - binomial nomenclature
- - august 21
- - alloys, bronze
- - ainley, henry hinchliffe
- - ranunculus hederaceus l.
- - ranunculus trichophyllus chaix
- - ranunculus fluitans lamarck
- - ranunculus heterophyllus weber
Our friends, knolik encyclopaedia knolik.com